Monica Espinosa Garces

Rapid urbanization, coupled with accelerated digital transformation, is reshaping the urban landscape, compelling local governments to evolve beyond traditional frameworks, adopt proactive approaches, and develop tailored solutions to address their distinct challenges. Traditionally, cybersecurity has been confined to national and organizational frameworks. However, with the growing digital complexity of cities and the spread of cyber-physical systems (i.e., IoT), it is becoming increasingly challenging and unsustainable for central national administrations to manage cybersecurity at the local level, necessitating that cities take more active roles.